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Which Country Has The Most Blonde Hair Blue Eyes?

• Pieter Maas
• 17.01.2023
• 0
• 17

Iceland – Although positioned outside of Scandinavia on an island, there is a large population in Iceland with blond hair. Nearly 70% of the population has blond hair, and a staggering 90% of the population has blue eyes. Although blond hair and blue eyes are by far the most common combination in Iceland, there is also a rare red hair and green eye combination that is considered one of the rarest in the world found in Iceland.

Which countries have the most blondes?

Blondes have a fascinating history, both in human origin, migration, culture and in ancient mythology. In Western culture, blonde hair is typically associated with naiveity, youth and innocence, but culturually has seen a remarkable transition from its roots to where it is today.

Blondes in Mythology Blondes first began appearing around 11,000 years ago during the last ice age, and have since become major figures in mythology. Two of the Norse goddesses, Sif and Freyja were blondes. Sif was a wife of the god Thor. She was known for her golden hair and was described as the most beautiful of women.

She once had her hair shaved off by Loki, the god of mischief. Her hair symbolised fertility and prosperity in agriculture. credit Freyja was characterized as a goddess of love, beauty, and fertility. She had blonde hair and blue eyes, and was said to be the fairest of all goddesses. The Norse people often prayed to her for help in matters of love and to assist with childbirth.

Freyja was also known to assist in such things as war, battle, and death, magic, prophecy, and wealth. One mythical story tells of her receiving half of the dead lost in a battle in her hall Fólkvangr, while Odin took in the other half at Valhalla. In European tales, fairies preferred blonde hair in people.

Blonde babies were more likely to be taken from their cribs and switched with changelings. And young blonde women were often enticed to join the land of the fairies. And of course many of us know the tale of Goldilocks and the Three Bears! credit Genetic History of Blondes Natural blonde hair, is caused by a lack of a pigment called eumelanin. This pigment deficiency is what gives blondes their hair color. The general explanation as to how blondes came into being, is related the need for Vitamin D and lower levels of sunlight in some regions.

To compensate for the deficiency in sunlight, people with lighter hair and skin were born. Blondes: Where are they now? In Northern Europe, natural blondes are a common sight, especially around the areas around the Baltic Sea. Lighter pigmentation of eyes is also associated with people of this region.

Some sources, such as Eupedia, claim that in central parts of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland and Finland, 80% of the population is blonde, with natural fair-haired people in other Baltic Countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and other parts of Scandinavia) making up 50-79% of the population.

1. Migration of blondes today can be seen across the globe as far as America, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa (largely due to colonialism of the last 400-500 years).
2. The stories of blondes throughout history is fascinating and just a piece of all the amazing things in our past to explore and discover! The Nordics host a rich spectrum of mythology, cultural heritage, migration and history waiting to be discovered.

Now that you’ve expanded your knowledge about the Nordic cultures, surely you would consider visiting one of the most astonishing landscapes destinations in the world! Check out our holiday packages and choose what best suits your curiosity and budget! Whether it is a weekend break in Iceland, a trip to Finland, a break in Norway or a Northern Lights weekend break, your Nowegian holiday starts here.

How many blondes are in Europe?

General – Blond hair is most common in light-skinned infants and children, so much so that the term “baby blond” is often used for very light colored hair. Babies may be born with blond hair even among groups where adults rarely have blond hair, although such natural hair usually falls out quickly.

1. Blond hair tends to turn darker with age, and many children’s blond hair turns light, medium, or dark brown, before or during their adult years.
2. Because blond hair tends to turn brown with age, natural blond hair is significantly less common in adulthood; according to the sociologist Christie Davies, only around five percent of adults in Europe and North America are naturally blond.

A study conducted in 2003 concluded that only four percent of American adults are naturally blond. A significant number of Caucasian women dye their hair blonde, perhaps a higher percentage than for any other hair color.

What percentage of Dutch is blonde?

Here in the south of the Netherlands I would estimate that there are about 49% blond, 49% brunette, 1% red and 1 % black among the adult native Dutch people. Of course there is the blur between dark blond and light brown, making it hard distinguish between these two sometimes.

Why are Scandinavians so blonde?

Do blondes have more fun, do gentlemen prefer them? History may say yes (photo: iStock) Take a walk around Copenhagen, or just about any place in Scandinavia, and people with black or even brown hair tend to stand out. From the white and platinum to the strawberry and dark blonde, a significant proportion of Danes are fairhaired.

While Scandinavia is by no means the only part of the world where blond hair is common, the high concentration in this part of the world has a long and disputed history stretching back to the last ice age. So it’s worth considering the influence of Scandinavians and the contribution they may have made to the world’s population of blondes.

There are two schools of thought as to how Scandinavians came to develop blonde hair. One has it that following the migration of modern humans from Africa to other parts of the world, genetic mutations began to occur. As a result of the relatively low levels of sunlight for most of the year, humans in Scandinavia began to develop symptoms of vitamin D deficiency: namely lighter skin and hair colour.

1. No fellas around? With the sun rarely making an appearance through the Danish winter, it’s easy to see how this theory makes sense.
2. However, it does not adequately account for the presence of darker indigenous populations in the far north, such as the Inuit.
3. Another more controversial theory has it that blonde hair began to develop in Scandinavia as a result of sexual selection.

At the time of the last Ice Age, around 11,000 years ago, there was a significant drop in the number of males in Scandinavia. The perilous conditions faced by hunters attempting to capitalise on roaming herds of mammoth, reindeer and bison meant that women were often without a partner – a situation that not only prevented the production of offspring, but often led to their starvation and death.

1. The theory has it that women began to develop lighter hair as a means of distinguishing themselves from their rivals, leading to their selection in what was a very competitive market.
2. If the theory is to be believed, it stands that blonde hair developed because it was more attractive to men at the time.

Viking spreaders Although it seems as though there might finally be some evidence to support the idea that men prefer blondes, there are a number of factors that must be considered. While there’s little doubt that blonde hair is more prevalent in northern Europe than in other parts of the world, it is by no means exclusive.

• In certain tribes of Australian Aborigines, for example, blonde hair is common among children Other ethnicities, such as the Tajik in Afghanistan and the Berbers in north Africa, also have a high incidence of blonde hair.
• While the presence of lighter hair far away from Scandinavia, such as this Pakistani girl, means it isn’t an exclusive trait, it is likely Vikings excursions helped to spread it While it may be hard to narrow the development of blonde hair to a single cause, it’s probable that the Viking excursions from the late eighth century helped to spread blonde hair through Europe.

As well as the Scandinavian countries, those European nations with the highest concentrations of blondes tend to be those where Vikings settled. The Baltic countries, parts of Russia as well as the low countries, were all settled by Vikings, with the intermarrying between locals and Vikings increasing the blonde population.

And according to ‘The History and Geography of Human Genes’, the lightest pigmentation of both hair and eyes in Europe is found close to the Baltic Sea, with levels of darkness increasing in a nearly concentric ring around this region. Tour de Britain The presence of blonde-haired people in Britain can be traced to the Vikings.

Prior to the Viking invasion, Britain was made up of a mixture of Celtic tribes, Roman descendants and Anglo-Saxons. While the Germanic tribes no doubt contained a number of fair-haired people (particularly among the tribes bordering Scandinavia), the development of red and blonde hair in places like Ireland can be largely attributed to the Viking expansion.

• Viking raids on Britain continued on and off for the better part of three centuries, with Viking settlement increasing the amount of blondes through Britain.
• As her empire grew, Britain began to settle in other countries, and the presence of blonde-haired people in countries like the US, Australia and New Zealand can be traced, at least somewhat, to the Viking settlement of Britain.

While it’s difficult to pinpoint the exact moment when humans began to develop blonde hair, there is little doubt that whatever the reason, it grew quickly in Scandinavia. The presence of blonde hair in the wider world owes at least something to this region.

Are Greeks blonde with blue eyes?

Approximately 10.7% of the Greek population is blond-haired and 14% is blue or green-eyed.

What color are European eyes?

Advances in Anthropology Vol.4 No.2(2014), Article ID:46104,11 pages DOI:10.4236/aa.2014.42011 The Puzzle of European Hair, Eye, and Skin Color Peter Frost c/o Bernard Saladin d’Anglure, Anthropology Department, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada Email: [email protected] Copyright © 2014 by author and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Received 22 January 2014; revised 23 February 2014; accepted 15 March 2014 ABSTRACT Europeans, particularly northern and eastern Europeans, are unusually colored. Their hair can be not only black but also brown, flaxen, golden, or red, and their eyes not only brown but also blue, gray, hazel, or green.

Their skin is pale, almost like an albino’s. This color scheme is more developed in women than in men and seems to have been selected for its visual properties, particularly brightness and novelty. Sexual selection is a likely cause. It favors eye-catching colors and, if strong enough, can produce a color polymorphism, i.e., whenever a visible feature becomes differently colored through mutation, the new color will spread through the population until it loses its novelty value and becomes as frequent as the original one.

Such selection is consistent with 1) the many alleles for European hair and eye color; 2) the high ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous variants; and 3) the relatively short time over which this color diversity developed. Sexual selection will target women if they outnumber men on the mate market.

Among early modern humans, such imbalances resulted from 1) a low polygyny rate (because few men could provide for a second wife and her children) and 2) a high risk of early male death (because long hunting distances increased exposure to environmental hazards). Sexual selection of women was stronger at latitudes farther from the equator, where men were less polygynous and more at risk of death while hunting.

It was strongest on continental steppe-tundra, where men provided for almost all family food needs by pursuing herds of reindeer and other herbivores over long distances. Although this type of environment is now fragmentary, it covered until 10,000 years ago a much larger territory—the same area where, today, hair and eyes are diversely colored and skin almost milk white. 1. Introduction Most humans have black hair, brown eyes, and brown skin. Europeans have a different color scheme, their hair being also brown, flaxen, golden, or red, and their eyes also blue, gray, hazel, or green. Finally, their skin is pale, almost like an albino’s.

How did this unusual color scheme come about? Perhaps the genetic change that lightened the skin also affected the hair and the eyes. Yet the genes are different in each case. European skin lightened mainly through the appearance of new alleles at three genes: SLC45A2, SLC24A5, and TYRP1 (Beleza et al., 2013; Canfield et al., 2014; Soejima et al., 2005; Voight et al., 2006),

European hair color diversified through a proliferation of new alleles at MC1R (Box et al., 1997; Flanagan et al., 2000; Makova & Norton, 2005; Rana et al., 1999), European eye color diversified through a proliferation of new alleles in the HERC2-OCA2 region and elsewhere (Duffy et al., 2007; Eiberg et al., 2008; Kayser et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2010; Sturm & Frudakis, 2004; Sturm et al., 2008),

Light skin is associated with a few of the new hair and eye color alleles, particularly the ones for red hair or blue eyes. Conceivably, these alleles may be a side effect of selection for lighter skin (Duffy et al., 2004; Sturm & Frudakis, 2004), But why would such selection increase the total number of alleles for hair and eye color, especially when so many of them have little or no effect on skin color? And why have neither red hair nor blue eyes reached fixation in any human population, even those with milk-white complexions? The European color scheme has another puzzling aspect.

It seems to result from a selection pressure that acted primarily on women and only secondarily on men: – Hair color varies more in women than in men. Redheads are especially more frequent among women (Shekar et al., 2008), – Eye color varies more in women than in men when both copies of the so-called blue-eye allele are present, the result being a greater diversity of female eye colors wherever blue eyes are the single most common phenotype, i.e., in northern and eastern Europe (Martinez-Cadenas et al., 2013),

Blue eyes are associated in men with a more feminine face shape (Kleisner et al., 2010; Kleisner et al., 2013), – In all human populations, women are paler than men after puberty. This post-pubescent lightening is due to sexual maturation and not to differences in sun exposure (Edwards & Duntley, 1939; Edwards & Duntley, 1949; Edwards et al., 1941; van den Berghe & Frost, 1986),

In women, lightness of skin correlates with thickness of subcutaneous fat and with 2nd to 4th digit ratio—a marker of prenatal estrogenization (Manning et al., 2004; Mazess, 1967), Admittedly, this sex difference is not greater in Europeans than in other populations, although it could not easily be otherwise, since Europeans are so close to the physiological limit of depigmentation.

1. While women are more diverse than men both in hair and eye color, this greater diversity came about differently in each case.
2. With hair color, women have more of the intermediate hues because the darkest hue (black) is less easily expressed (Shekar et al., 2008),
3. With eye color, women have more of the intermediate hues because the lightest hue (blue) is less easily expressed (Martinez-Cadenas et al., 2013),

In sum, European hair and eye color diversified through a selection pressure that acted on different genes via different pigmentary changes. The common denominator seems to be the creation of new visual stimuli on or near the face—the focus of visual attention.2.

1. Sexual Selection? What type of selection pressure would make a facial feature more colorful in one sex than in the other? The likeliest type is sexual selection, which occurs when the mate market has too many of one sex and too few of the other.
2. The more one must compete for a mate, the more one must vie for attention, and the more success requires eye-catching qualities (Darwin, 1936: pp.567-924; Emlen & Oring, 1977),

This is the logic of advertising. “Visual merchandising” matters most in saturated markets that offer too many interesting choices among products of equal quality (Lea-Greenwood, 1998; Oakley, 1990), One way to catch the eye is through bright or novel colors.

Brightness keeps a color in memory longer, and novelty focuses attention on a color longer (Brockmole & Boot, 2009; Maan & Cummings, 2009), Significantly, perhaps, hair and eye colors are not only more diverse in Europe but also brighter. Hair is carrot red but not beet red. Eyes are sky blue but not navy blue.

Other ways to catch the eye include enlargement of secondary sexual characteristics and enhancement of facial features. The effect is to “boost the signal” from visual features that are used either for sex identification or for communication and personal identification (Manning, 1972: pp.47-49),3.

1. Frequency-Dependent Sexual Selection and Color Polymorphism If strong enough, sexual selection may create a color polymorphism.
2. Whenever a visible feature becomes differently colored through mutation, the new color will spread through the population until it loses its novelty value and becomes as frequent as the original one.

The resulting equilibrium will last until another color variant appears, and the total number of colors will thus grow over time. Such polymorphisms are known in a number of animal species, notably guppies, lizards, and various insects (Anderson, 1969; Brooks, 2002; Eakley & Houde, 2004; Endler, 1980; Farr, 1980; Grant et al., 1974; Hampton et al., 2009; Healey et al., 2008; Hughes et al., 1999; Hughes et al., 2005; Kokko et al., 2007; Muggleton, 1979; Olendorf et al., 2006; Simchuk, 2001; Sinnock, 1970),

Humans, too, tend to prefer novel colors when choosing mates. In one study, men were shown pictures of attractive women and asked to choose the one they most wanted to marry. One series had equal numbers of brunettes and blondes, a second series 1 brunette for every 5 blondes, and a third 1 brunette for every 11 blondes.

It turned out that the scarcer the brunettes were in a series, the likelier any one brunette would be chosen (Thelen, 1983), Another study likewise found that Maxim cover girls were much more often light blonde or dark brown than the usual dark blonde or light brown of real life (Anon, 2008),

This novelty effect may be seen in sales of home interior colors over the past half-century: preference for one paint color rises until satiated, then falls and yields to preference for another (Stansfield & Whitfield, 2005), Preference for novel colors, together with sufficiently strong sexual selection, may have caused European hair and eye color to diversify.

At the main hair-color gene, MC1R, Europeans have 11 nonsynonymous alleles versus 5 for Asians and 1 for Africans (Harding et al., 2000), The actual disparity is even greater because the Asian alleles produce similar phenotypes. Europeans likewise have many alleles for eye color within the HERC2- OCA2 region (Liu et al., 2010),

Contrary to widespread belief, brown eyes are not truly dominant and blue eyes are not truly recessive. A single copy of the blue-eye allele usually produces an intermediate hue, like green or hazel, and even two copies will not always produce blue eyes (Branicki et al., 2009; Eiberg et al., 2008; Martinez-Cadenas et al., 2013),

Blonde Hair and Blue eyes in the world – Maps

These new hair and eye colors cannot be older than the arrival of modern humans in Europe around 40,000 years ago. Such a narrow timeframe argues for some kind of selection, rather than relaxation of selection and accumulation of non-adaptive mutations.

The second scenario requires close to a million years to produce the current variability of hair and eye color, including approximately 80,000 years for today’s prevalence of red hair alone (Harding et al., 2000; Templeton, 2002),4. Latitudinal Variation in the Intensity of Sexual Selection If ancestral Europeans gained new hair and eye colors through sexual selection, something must have skewed the ratio of men to women on the mate market.

Such an imbalance can arise if the risk of early death differs by sex or if one sex tends to mate more often than the other one (Darwin, 1936: pp.573-578; Emlen & Oring, 1977), In most mammalian species, the males are the ones with more mates because they can return to the mate market sooner after impregnation.

1. In contrast, the females are unavailable during pregnancy, lactation, and infant care.
2. This pattern applies less to our species.
3. Because humans have a longer infancy, the male is better able to increase his reproductive fitness by providing for his mate and her offspring.
4. The more he becomes a provider, the more each act of mating will end up costing him and the longer he will stay off the mate market.

In early human societies, i.e., hunter-gatherers and simple farming peoples, male provisioning varied with latitude. It was minimal in the tropics because women could gather or grow food year-round on their own. Polygyny was thus common, being limited not so much by a man’s capacity to be a provider as by his ability to compete against rival males (van den Berghe, 1979: pp.65-67),

Women were less self-reliant beyond the tropics. During winter, they could no longer gather or grow food and depended on meat from their hunting spouses. This dependence increased with longer winters at higher latitudes (Hoffecker, 2002: p.8; Kelly, 1995: pp.262-270), Whereas women supplied 40% – 55% of all food consumed by hunter-gatherers below 40˚N, the proportion fell to less than 10% above 60˚N (Martin, 1974: pp.16-18),

At those latitudes, only a very able hunter could take a second wife (Kjellström, 1973: p.118), Higher latitudes meant not just fewer men on the mate market but also fewer men altogether. Because women could not supply as much food and because the land supported a lower density of wildlife, men had to hunt for longer periods and over longer distances, with the result that more of them died from falls, drowning, starvation, and cold exposure (Burch Jr., 1972: pp.339-368, 347, 349-350; Hoffecker, 2002: pp.8-9; Kelly, 1995: pp.128-132; Krupnik, 1985),

Women thus faced a more competitive mate market and stronger pressures of sexual selection. This was especially so on the continental steppe-tundra of the sub-Arctic, where almost all food came from hunting of reindeer and other migratory game (Hoffecker, 2002: pp.7-12; Schild, 1976), Although continental steppe-tundra is now confined to parts of northeastern Siberia, Alaska, and the Canadian Arctic, it was much more extensive during the last ice age 25,000 to 10,000 years ago, when it formed a broad Eurasian zone that stretched across the plains of northern and eastern Europe and into northern Asia (see Figure 1 ).

This zone was continuously inhabited only at its western end. The climate was milder there because the Scandinavian icecap had pushed the steppe-tundra south of the 50˚N parallel and because the nearby Atlantic Ocean provided warmth and moisture (Butzer, 1971: pp.144, 463; Hoffecker, 2002: pp.3, 17),

1. These conditions favored a lush growth of grasses, mosses, lichens, and low shrubs, which supported large herds of herbivores and, in turn, a large human population.
2. East of the Urals, this zone swung north into colder, drier territory.
3. The Asian steppe-tundra was not only farther north but also farther from the Atlantic’s moderating influence.

Its human population was thus smaller and prone to extinction over large areas, particularly during the glacial maximum (Goebel, 1999; Graf, 2009a; Graf, 2009b), This view is supported by analysis of DNA retrieved from human remains dated to 24,000 BP and 17,000 BP in south-central Siberia.

Although the DNA shows strong affinities with present-day Europeans and Amerindians, the affinity is more distant with present-day Siberians, who seem to be largely the product of repeopling from the south near the end of the last ice age (Maanasa et al., 2013), The European steppe-tundra was thus a singularity among the many environments that modern humans entered while spreading out from Africa during the Paleolithic.

Food was abundant but accessible only to males of hunting age, whose ranks were continually thinned by hunting-related mortality. The resulting surplus of mateable females, combined with the high cost of polygyny, would have greatly intensified sexual selection of women.

This region, essentially the plains of northern and eastern Europe, is today a singularity on the world map of human physical variation. If we add Scandinavia, which was repeopled from these plains after the last ice age, we have the same region where the skin is whitest and the hair and eyes most diversely colored (Frost, 2006; Frost, 2008),

This geographic singularity stands out even more further back in time. Ancient DNA from two Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, one from Luxembourg (8000 BP) and the other from Spain (7000 BP), reveals that both had brown skin even though they postdate the timeframe when European skin became white ( Beleza et al., 2013; Canfield et al., 2014; Lazaridis et al., 2013; Olalde et al., 2014; see Table 1 ).

• On the other hand, both had non-brown eyes (Lazaridis et al., 2013; Olalde et al., 2014),
• It seems that these European color traits evolved initially within part of Europe—the plains of the north and east—and only later spread outward to the rest of the continent and elsewhere, perhaps through a succession of demographic expansions.

It also seems that the changes to hair, eye, and skin color were not simultaneous. Diversification of eye color preceded diversification of hair color and whitening of the skin. Table 1, Evolution of European color traits.5. Sex Linkage? If hairand eye-color diversity is due to sexual selection of women, it should be expressed more in women than in men. There should be sex linkage. Initially, such selection would have acted on whatever alleles were available, these being for the most part not sex-linked.

1. Over time, there would have arisen new alleles that produce non-black hair and non-brown eyes to a greater degree in women, and these alleles would have gradually replaced the older ones.
2. This process would have admittedly been limited by the narrow timeframe of intense sexual selection, i.e., the last ice age.

The new alleles show some sex linkage. Girls are lighter-haired than boys after puberty (Steggerda, 1941), During adulthood, blond hair darkens with age more slowly in women than in men (Olivier, 1960: p.74), A twin study has confirmed that hair is lighter in women than in men and that women show greater variation in hair color (Shekar et al., 2008),

• Finally, an unpublished digit ratio study indicates that prenatal exposure to estrogen is higher in individuals with non-black hair or non-brown eyes (Mather et al., unpublished),
• If prenatal estrogen mediates this sex linkage, one result may be a more feminine face shape if eyes are not brown.
• This was the unintended finding of two Czech studies where the participants were asked to rate male and female facial photos (Kleisner et al., 2010; Kleisner et al., 2013),

The initial finding was that brown-eyed men were perceived as more dominant than blue-eyed men. When, as a control, the brown-eyed men were photoshopped to look blue-eyed, they were still rated as more dominant. Careful examination revealed that they had more masculine faces with broader and more massive chins, broader mouths, larger noses, larger eyebrows, and closer-set eyes.

The blue-eyed men had smaller and sharper chins, narrower mouths, smaller noses, and a greater distance between the eyes. Only the male faces showed this relationship between eye color and face shape, perhaps because female face shape is hormonally overdetermined, i.e., all girls are exposed to enough estrogen in the womb to feminize their faces, but only blue-eyed boys reach this level of exposure.

Could it be that eye color correlated with face shape because some of the photos showed partly Jewish or Roma men with darker eyes and a different face shape? If so, the brown-eyed men should have been more variable in face shape, yet they were not. This explanation also fails to explain why blue eyes correlated with facial feminization in men but not in women.

1. We see a similar pattern with eye color and shyness.
2. In preschool boys, shyness is more strongly associated with blue eyes than with brown eyes.
3. This association is absent in preschool girls (Coplan et al., 1998),6.
4. Other Physical Legacies of Strong Sexual Selection If intense sexual selection of women had created the palette of European hair and eye colors, it could have caused other physical characteristics to assume a specific color or form.

There may thus be other legacies of this episode of human evolution.6.1. Whitening of the Skin One legacy may be the extreme loss of skin pigment we see in northern and eastern Europe—the same region where hair and eye color have diversified. This whitening is often said to be an adaptation to lower levels of solar UV at higher latitudes and under cloudier skies.

1. With less need for UV protection, the skin no longer had to be so dark.
2. Alternatively, the skin lightened so that more UV could pass through it for vitamin-D synthesis (Robins, 1991: pp.187-212),
3. This kind of explanation fails for two reasons.
4. First, ground-level solar UV is equally low across Europe, northern Asia, and North America at latitudes above 47˚N (Jablonski & Chaplin, 2000: pp.71, 76),

Yet it is only in Europe that we see extreme whitening of the skin. Second, according to a study of the genes responsible, Europeans became white-skinned during the last ice age and long after their ancestors had entered Europe some 40,000 years ago ( Beleza et al., 2013; Canfield et al., 2014; Norton & Hammer, 2007 ; see Table 1 ).

The implication is that our European ancestors were brown-skinned for tens of thousands of years” (Gibbons, 2007), If white skin is an adaptation to lower levels of solar UV, ancestral Europeans should have begun to whiten once they had reached the more northerly and cloudier environments of Europe.

But if the cause had been sexual selection, why did the skin become white instead of more diversely colored, like the hair and the eyes? It may be that men tended to choose lighter-skinned women from the outset because paleness is widely viewed as a female norm.

In all human populations, women are the “fair sex”, their skin having less melanin and less peripheral blood flow. Male skin is brown and ruddy by comparison (Edwards & Duntley, 1939; Edwards & Duntley, 1949; Edwards et al., 1941; Frost, 1988; Frost, 2010; Manning et al., 2004; Mazess, 1967; van den Berghe & Frost, 1986),

The human mind thus seems predisposed to distinguish men from women by their skin coloring, even more so than by their face shape, as shown by the ability of subjects to tell whether a face is male or female even if the image is blurred and differs only in color (Tarr et al., 2001),

The gender cues are hue and luminosity. Besides having a less brown and less ruddy complexion, women also display higher luminous contrast between their facial skin and their lips and eyes (Dupuis-Roy et al., 2009), This may be why so many cultures have independently developed cosmetics to lighten facial skin while darkening the lips and the eye area (Russell, 2009; Russell, 2010),

There is likewise a cross-cultural tendency to see fairerskinned women as more feminine and to prefer them as mates, at least in traditional cultures (van den Berghe & Frost, 1986), Thus, among ancestral Europeans, and under conditions of intense sexual selection, darker women would have been disadvantaged on the mate market except when scarce enough to benefit from the novelty effect.

1. Over time, mean skin color would have steadily lightened until sexual selection for lighter female skin had encountered equally strong natural selection for darker skin (to protect against solar UV) or a physiological limit to further loss of pigmentation.
2. If Europeans became white because of stronger sexual selection for lightness of female skin, one might expect them to show a larger sex difference in skin color.

Actually, this sex difference is largest in people with medium-colored skin (Frost, 2007; Madrigal & Kelly, 2006), There may be a ceiling effect in very light-skinned people, i.e., female skin color cannot diverge as much from male skin color because both are already close to the physiological limit of depigmentation.6.2.

• Face and Body Morphology Another legacy may be face shape.
• In Europeans, the face seems to have assumed its present form through a selection pressure that acted primarily on women (Liberton et al., 2009),
• As with skin color, selection for more feminine-looking women would have spilled over on to men as well, causing the population as a whole to have more feminine faces.

Finally, this intensification of sexual selection may have affected secondary sexual characteristics that have long assumed different forms in men and women. In such cases, the existing sexual dimorphism should be enhanced. This may be why women of European descent have wider hips, narrower waists, and thicker subcutaneous fat than do women of other origins (Choi & Trotter, 1970; Gasperino, 1996; Hrdlicka, 1898; Meredith & Spurgeon, 1980; Nelson & Nelson, 1986),7.

1. Conclusion Sexual selection best explains the puzzle of European hair, eye, and skin color.
2. Within the same geographic range, and long after modern humans had arrived in Europe, all three color traits changed greatly at an apparently fast rate.
3. Although hair color and eye color both underwent a similar diversification that produced similarly conspicuous hues, this process occurred at separate genes and in different ways.

The new hues were also on or near the face, which is the focus of visual attention. Finally, this evolutionary change went farther in women than in men. It seems, then, that the European color scheme was selected for its visual qualities in a context where women were the observed and men the observers.

1. Such a context is consistent with the European steppe-tundra of the last ice age, where men were scarce on the mate market because of the high cost of polygyny and the high mortality due to long hunting distances.
2. There was thus selection for visible female features that catch male attention, either through display of bright or novel colors or through enhancement of existing sexual dimorphisms.

References

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What race does blonde hair originate from?

Asia – The higher frequencies of light hair in Asia are prevalent among the Pamiris, Kalash, Nuristani and Uyghur ethnic groups. Even though currently, there is no accepted theory regarding the true origins of blond hair, according to geneticist David Reich, blond hair has ancient roots in Asia.

• The derived allele responsible for blond hair in Europeans likely evolved first among the Ancient North Eurasians,
• The earliest known individual with this allele is a Siberian fossil from Afontova Gora, in south-central Siberia.
• Reich has written that the derived SNP for blond hair entered continental Europe by way of a massive population migration from the Eurasian steppe, by a people who had substantial Ancient North Eurasian ancestry.

Blond hair has been discovered in human burial sites in north-western China and Mongolia dating to the Iron Age. The Hmong people were historically recorded with blonde hair and blue eyes by the Chinese since ancient times. Their light phenotypes made it easy for Chinese to distinguish them.

1. Chinese historical documents describe blond haired, blue-eyed warriors among the Xiongnu, a nomadic equestrian culture from Mongolia, who practiced Tengriism,
2. The Shiwei people were a Mongolic-speaking ethnic group who were blond-haired and blue eyed.
3. Blond hair can still be seen among people from the region they inhabited, even today.

Some Xianbei were described with blond hair and blue eyes according to Chinese historical chronicles. The Uriankhai tribe of Mongols, to which the military generals Subotai and Jelme belonged, were described by Mongol chronicles as blond haired in the 2nd millennium CE.

What does it mean if I have blonde hair and blue eyes?

Is eye color connected to hair color? Yes, it is! You might also notice that people with brown hair typically have brown eyes. Skin color also often fits in this trend: people with lighter hair and skin often have light eyes. And people with darker hair and skin usually have dark eyes.

The color of our hair, skin, and eyes is determined by the same thing: the amount of pigment they have. The pigment that causes dark hair, skin, and eyes is called melanin, Melanin is made in special cells in the body called melanocytes. If your melanocytes produce a lot of melanin, you’re likely to have darker skin, hair, and eyes.

If your melanocytes don’t make much melanin you’ll have lighter color skin, hair, and eyes. But you asked about blue eyes specifically, not just light-colored ones. Well this gets into why we only see brown, blue, and green eyes (typically). to learn more about some rare eye colors.

1. The iris of your eye (the colored part) is where melanin can be found.
2. People with dark eyes have a lot of melanin in their iris.
3. This dark melanin pigment makes the eyes look brown.
4. And since melanin can absorb light, they look even darker! But what about blue? Your eyes can’t make a blue pigment, so why do we see different colors? It turns out blue eyes aren’t actually colored blue! This is the same way that the sky and water aren’t actually blue, even though it appears that way to us.

This blue color is made by light scattering when it hits blue eyes (or the sky or ocean!). The blue color in eyes and water is made by scattering light. Image from Eyes with no melanin scatter all the light, making them appear blue. An iris with a lot of melanin absorbs light, making it appear darker. And an iris that has some melanin will absorb some light and scatter the rest, making it appear green. Green eyes have some brown pigment that absorbs some of the light and scatters the rest. Image from There’s another layer to this. The production of melanin is determined by your DNA. We generally talk about different traits as independent. For example, whether you are tall or short does not affect whether you need glasses! But the genes for eye, skin, and hair color are different.

These genes are tightly “linked”, meaning that they’re usually all inherited together. This is why people typically have either all light features, or all dark features. It’s still possible to get a combination of shades of hair, eyes, and skin, but it’s less likely. You’ve probably noticed that all people in certain regions of the world tend to either have lighter or darker skin, hair, and eyes (complexions).

That’s because if two parents have lighter complexions then they will pass on the melanin producing genes that produce only a little bit of melanin. If two parents have different complexions, these genes can get mixed around a bit. If one parent has a darker complexion and the other has a lighter complexion, then their children could have a mix of light or dark hair, eyes, and skin. Parents with different complexions can have kids with intermediate colors. Image from Imagine if there was a region where most people had lighter complexions. As the population grows and people have babies, the genes for less melanin will become more common.